The School of Information Studies has offered courses in library studies for more than a century, making it the oldest school in Canada offering library education. The area of library studies remains an important component of the MISt program. Library studies courses relate to the identification, organization, preservation, retrieval, and dissemination of library and information resources in all formats. Among the following courses, INFS 608 - Classification & Cataloguing and INFS 615 - Reference & Information Services provide the foundations for cataloguing and reference services.

Courses	Course Outlines
INFS 608. Classification and Cataloguing. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Cataloguing in depth with a view to such specialtiesas original cataloguing, catalogue maintenance, andadministration of the cataloguing department.Investigation of alternative methods of librarydocumentation. The study of developments ininternational cataloguing standards, codes, andformats. Includes laboratory sessions. Prerequisite: INFS 607 Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 608. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 608 Course Syllabus
INFS 614. Public Libraries. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description A review of the Public Library Movement in Englishand French Canada. The development of publiclibraries in North America over the last twenty yearswith an emphasis on the library's role andresponsibilities for the future. The impact ofinformation technologies on the definition anddelivery of services. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 614. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 614 Course Syllabus
INFS 615. Reference and Information Services. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Design and evaluation of reference and informationresources and services, collection development, andresource management. Prerequisite: INFS 619. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 615. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Winter 2025 INFS 615 Course Outline
INFS 636. Government Information. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description An introduction to the structure of governments, andthe nature and variety of government information.Emphasis is placed on the governments of Canada,the provinces, the United States and selectedinternational governmental organizations. Topicsinclude the acquisition, organization, bibliographiccontrol and use of government information. Prerequisite: INFS 619. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 636. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 636 Course Syllabus Fall 2022
INFS 656. Abstracting and Indexing. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Principles and practical methods of abstracting and indexing. Topics include pre- and post-coordinate indexing, concept analysis, vocabulary control, construction and evaluation of thesauri and of indexes for books, periodicals, and series; emphasis on the role of the computer in indexing. Prerequisite: INFS 607 and GLIS 607. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 656. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý
INFS 671. Health Sciences Information. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description A survey of information services and sources (both electronic and print) for health care professionals and the general public. An exploration of the information needs of health professionals and scientists; the role of health libraries and librarians; principles of health and biomedical library practice, functions, and management. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 671. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý
INFS 672. Law Information. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description The nature and scope of law librarianship and legal information sources; examination of the organization of legal knowledge, the legal research process, law information sources both print and electronic. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý
INFS 673. Bioinformatics Resources. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Bioinformatics from a library and information science perspective: biological foundation for bioinformatics; bioinformatics information needs and behaviours; information retrieval using key bioinformatics resources; the role of biology, computer science and library and information science; ethics. Prerequisite: INFS 619 and GLIS 619. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 673. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 673 Course Syllabus
INFS 679. Information Literacy. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Prerequisite: INFS 619 and GLIS 619. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 679. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 679 Course Syllabus
INFS 691. Special Topics 1. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Seminar to explore topics of particular interest to library and information studies. Topics vary from year to year. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 691. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Winter 2025 INFS 691 Course Outline

Careers in Library Studies

Practice Settings

Librarians work in many settings, from academic institutions and public environments to the private sector.

Primary responsibilities

Librarians mediate access to the vast amount of available information in order to respond to the needs of their clients or users. Responsibilities comprise the management (identification, retrieval, organization, and dissemination) of information in all formats (electronic/digital, audio/video, print). Specific job responsibilities include organizing resources through cataloguing and classification processes, conducting reference interviews, and offering training sessions.

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SIS was among the first schools in North America to introduce a knowledge management (KM) focus in a professional master's program. KM seeks to identify useful and relevant knowledge in a given organization and to organize, merge, and synthesize knowledge in order to foster efficiency through reuse of knowledge and/or to facilitate creativity and innovation. Competitive intelligence (CI) is a related domain enabling organizations to develop knowledge of their competitive environment and to integrate such knowledge into innovative strategies.

More information about KM can be found in the Knowledge Management Fact Sheet â€ÔÀ.±è»å´Ú±Õ

Courses	Course Outlines
INFS 661. Knowledge Management. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description An introduction to knowledge management and its links to information systems and information professionals. A broad overview of the creation, capture, codification, sharing and application of knowledge in both tacit and explicit forms. Emphasis is placed on the tools and techniques as well as the role of organizational culture. Corequisite: INFS 601. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 661. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 661 Course Syllabus
INFS 662. Intellectual Capital. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Understanding the strategic role of intellectual assets: how individuals, communities and organizations can identify and leverage their knowledge, experience, expertise and innovations more systematically to create value for the organization. Emphasis is placed on understanding the links between individuals and the organization in the sharing of intellectual assets. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 662. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 662 Course Syllabus
INFS 663. Knowledge Taxonomies. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Basic classification and categorization methods, major taxonomy tools and technologies and practice in knowledge mapping and modelling. Theory and techniques of organization of both tacit and explicit knowledge at three levels: individual, community and the organization. Emphasis will be placed on the social nature of knowledge codification. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 663. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý
INFS 664. Managing Knowledge Communities. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) Terms offered: Summer 2025 View offerings for in Visual Schedule Builder. Description Stages in the development of informal knowledge sharing groups and the roles and responsibilities of information professionals are examined. Focus is on the analysis of knowledge flow, knowledge creation and dissemination within and between different networks of knowledge. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 664. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 664 Course Syllabus
INFS 665. Competitive Intelligence. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Competitive intelligence process in for-profit and notfor-profit organizations. Principles and tools for identifying competitive intelligence needs; acquiring, organizing and storing information; creating intelligence through analytical techniques; developing and distributing intelligence products. Legal and ethical aspects, information audits, and cooperative intelligence. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 665. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý

Careers in Knowledge Management

Practice Settings

Knowledge Management (KM) is the systematic management of an organization’s knowledge ‎resources – those found in people and those found in documents, databases, and other repositories ‎of valuable content. KM specialists work in a wide variety of settings, from consulting, ‎pharmaceutical, and financial institutions in the private sector to government agencies and departments, as well as arts and volunteer organizations in the non-profit sector. Higher education institutions have ‎also started to employ KM specialists in the areas of knowledge taxonomies and ‎communities of practice. ‎

Primary responsibilities

Knowledge managers are involved in both the human resources and information technology required to help share and preserve knowledge. Responsibilities may involve:

• Succession planning, in which knowledge managers ensure that knowledge is transferred to new employees and input into the organizational memory system
• Design and management of KM systems
• Knowledge asset management, in order to support organizational goals and to gain and maintain competitive advantage
• Design of corporate information and KM policies on ‎access and quality control
• Maintenance of proprietary information
• Mapping of intellectual ‎assets
• Training/coaching/mentoring
• Establishing and supporting communities of practice
• Incorporating feedback, such as best practices and ‎lessons learned, into training content
• Helping users to gather, evaluate, analyze, synthesize, and ‎summarize knowledge sources
• Managing the competitive intelligence cycle and related assignments

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Archival studies (AS) is increasingly connected to library education and knowledge management (KM) initiatives. The focus is on the management of records in paper and electronic formats through the use of recordkeeping systems for facilitating institutional recordkeeping, legal compliance, and decision making. The AS area includes the management of historical records in archives through the process of acquisition, appraisal, arrangement, description, and preservation, as well as the handling of active organizational records through records management (inventory, classification, and retention).

courses	course outlines
INFS 633. Digital Media. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Foundational scientific concepts and basictechniques of digital media production andmanipulation and their relevance in galleries,libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM). Toolsand techniques for creating and handling digitalmedia. Digitizing audio, image, video, and textmaterials, and using various software packagesfor manipulating and preserving digital sound,images, and video. Prerequisites: INFS 617. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 633. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 633 Course Syllabus
INFS 641. Archival Description and Access. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Advanced theory and practice of archival appraisal,arrangement, description, and the creation of accesstools to archival records and collections, including theselection and application of appropriate archivaldescriptive standards, metadata schemes,management tools, and outreach programs includingthe creation and dissemination of finding aids. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 641. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý
INFS 642. Preservation Management. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Principles and practices for intellectual and physicalpreservation of historical and cultural heritagematerials in all forms to extend their durability andassure continued accessibility, through selection,conservation, migration, digitization, preservationstrategies, preservation management and ongoingevaluation. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 642 Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 642 Course Syllabus Fall 2022
INFS 645. Archival Principles and Practice. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Fundamental principles and practices of archivalstudies, including records life cycle, history ofarchives, cultural memory, authentic recordkeepingsystems, acquisition, appraisal, arrangement,description, preservation, reference and access,social and cultural systems, financial and legalsystems, ethics, advocacy programs, fund raising,legal issues, archives-related professions, researchmethodology and implementation. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 645 NOTE: Advanced work in archival science is available to a few students who do well in the introductory course. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 645 Course Syllabus
INFS 649. Digital Curation. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description The life-cycle and value-added management of digital content for future use, re-use and access. Addresses strategies, principles, and practices of digital preservation, digital curation, digital collection management, institutional repositories, trusted digital repositories, metadata, and file formats at archives, libraries, museums, data centers, and other cultural heritage institutions. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 649 Course Syllabus
INFS 660. Records Management. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Management of an organization’s content in digital forms that relate to the organization’s operational processes for compliance, governance and decision-making purposes. Addresses principles, strategies, methods and tools used in the lifecycle management of the content, including capture, workflow, classification, metadata, collaboration, preservation, and delivery. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 660. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 660 Course Syllabus

Careers in Archival Studies/Records Management

Practice Settings

Archivists and records managers work in various settings, ‎including cultural heritage institutions (archives, museums, historical societies, and special ‎libraries), records and information centers in government agencies, corporations, colleges and ‎universities, religious organizations, and non-profit organizations.

Primary responsibilities

Archivists and records managers manage records in both paper and electronic formats as ‎organizational memory and information assets through several activities. Archivists mainly deal ‎with historical records, and their activities include acquisition, appraisal, selection, arrangement, ‎description, conservation, and preservation. Records managers play their roles in the management ‎of forms, reports, correspondence, email and electronic records, workflow analysis, records center ‎operations, inventory, classification, filing, retention, and disposition. Archivists and records ‎managers develop and manage recordkeeping systems and provide access to records used for ‎organizational memory, strategic management, decision-making, research and development, and ‎legal compliance.

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The field of information studies has evolved in relation to the development of information and communication technology (ICT). Libraries, archives, and many other types of organisations have all adopted technologies for managing, accessing, and disseminating information. It is increasingly important for any information professional to understand ICT and master technical skills. The following courses provide the foundations for designing databases, websites, and interfaces, managing data and systems, and addressing information retrieval and security issues.

courses	course outlines
INFS 611. Research Principles & Analysis. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Fundamental aspects of reflective thinking and themethods and techniques of research appropriate tothe investigation of library/information problems.Criteria helpful in evaluating published research inlibrary/information studies by analyzing the varioussteps of the research process, thereby providingguidelines for planning, conducting, and reportingresearch. Prerequisite(s): INFS 601 Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 611. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 611 Course Syllabus
INFS 625. Information Architecture. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Information Architecture (IA) is the process ofanalyzing, designing, implementing and evaluatinginformation spaces. The course provides an overviewof use-design aspects of human information andcomputer interaction. Topics include: human factorsin IA; IA and information systems (IS) designprinciples and methodologies; work, task, andprocess analysis; IS modeling, requirementsgathering and evaluation; and informationvisualization. Prerequisite(s): INFS 617 Corequisite(s): INFS 634 recommended Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 625. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 625 Course Syllabus
INFS 626. Usability Analysis and Assessment. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Principles and techniques for evaluating interactivecomputer-based information systems. Topics includemodels of human information processing, userexperience and decision-making; methods forrequirements gathering and task analysis; andtechniques for user testing, analytic evaluation, andperformance modelling. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 626. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 626 Course Syllabus
INFS 627. User-Centered Design. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description A project-based introduction to interaction design,oriented toward practical methods for designinginteractive systems. Emphasis is placed on iterativeand user-oriented approaches to design, includingthe role of observation, ideation, sketching andprototyping, and formative and summativeevaluation. The role of participatory and value-sensitive approaches to design are also examined. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 627. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 627 Course Syllabus
INFS 629. Information Security. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Introduction to information security. Topics includebasic concepts of confidentiality, integrity, andavailability; security threats; malware; operatingsystems security; access control; network security(encryption, decryption, passwords and digitalsignature); security policies and practices; riskassessments; common criteria; privacy threats andprotection techniques; cybercrime and cyberforensics. Prerequisite(s): INFS 617 Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 629. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 629 Course Syllabus
INFS 630. Data Mining. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Introduction to data mining. Topics include datapreprocessing, data warehouse architecture, onlineanalytical processing (OLAP), online analyticalmining (OLAM), basic concepts and methods offrequent patterns mining, association rules mining,classification analysis, cluster analysis, and textmining. Prerequisite: INFS 617 or basic knowledge of database systems. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 630. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 630 Course Syllabus
INFS 634. Web System Design and Management. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Principles and practices of designing websites inthe context of libraries and information centres,focusing on a conceptual approach to organizinginformation for the world wide web includingdesign, implementation and management issues.Topics include web development tools, markuplanguages, internet security and web serveradministration. Prerequisite: INFS 617. Corequisite: INFS 625 recommended. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 634. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 634 Course Syllabus
INFS 657. Database Design and Development. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Theoretical and applied principles of relational database design. Includes relational theory, conceptual design, database normalization, relational database management systems, SQL queries and database management. Prerequisite: INFS 617 and GLIS 617. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 657. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý

Careers in User Experience

Practice Settings

User experience (UX) design is the systematic study of users, and their tasks and settings, to elicit and test new design and design requirements. UX specialists work in a wide variety of settings, from consulting and design firms that provide UX expertise for hire, to IT companies, financial institutions, and online companies that require in-house expertise. Increasingly institutions (including libraries and museums) will hire UX professionals to manage user experience design, across both physical and digital interactions.

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Data science (DS) is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes algorithms and methods to transform large volumes of complex data into interpretable knowledge and actionable insights. The success of the data-to-knowledge transformation process relies on the efficiency of bringing the appropriate information to the right person via intelligent information systems. This specialization lies in the intersection of information, systems, and people. The courses will prepare the students a solid foundation of understanding the innerworkings of intelligent information system with the considerations of technical, policy, and societal issues. Specifically, the courses cover data science programming, database design, web systems, data warehousing, data mining, and information security. Students may further deepen their knowledge by taking other machine learning and text mining courses from other departments.

Courses	course outlines
INFS 629. Information Security. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Introduction to information security. Topics includebasic concepts of confidentiality, integrity, andavailability; security threats; malware; operatingsystems security; access control; network security(encryption, decryption, passwords and digitalsignature); security policies and practices; riskassessments; common criteria; privacy threats andprotection techniques; cybercrime and cyberforensics. Prerequisite(s): INFS 617 Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 629. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý
INFS 630. Data Mining. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Introduction to data mining. Topics include datapreprocessing, data warehouse architecture, onlineanalytical processing (OLAP), online analyticalmining (OLAM), basic concepts and methods offrequent patterns mining, association rules mining,classification analysis, cluster analysis, and textmining. Prerequisite: INFS 617 or basic knowledge of database systems. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 630. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	INFS 630 Course Web Outline
INFS 631. Data Science for Information Professionals Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Introduction to the field of data science with a focus on the application of its various tools and methodologies in a professional context, covering the theoretical background and context of data science as a new field and the basics of the end-to-end data science workflow, including data modelling, descriptive and predictive analytics, technical implementation and results reporting. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý
INFS 634. Web System Design and Management. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Principles and practices of designing websites inthe context of libraries and information centres,focusing on a conceptual approach to organizinginformation for the world wide web includingdesign, implementation and management issues.Topics include web development tools, markuplanguages, internet security and web serveradministration. Prerequisite: INFS 617. Corequisite: INFS 625 recommended. Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken GLIS 634. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý
INFS 657. Database Design and Development. Credits: 3 Offered by: Information Studies (Graduate Studies) This course is not offered this catalogue year. Description Theoretical and applied principles of relational database design. Includes relational theory, conceptual design, database normalization, relational database management systems, SQL queries and database management. Prerequisite: INFS 617 and GLIS 617. Not open to students who have taken GLIS 657. Most students use Visual Schedule Builder (VSB) to organize their schedules. VSB helps you plan class schedules, travel time, and more.	Ìý

Careers in Data Science

Practice Settings

As the complexity and quantity of digital data continue to grow in every aspect of our society, there is a high demand of data scientists, analysts, and engineers in every sector, from IT to finance, from healthcare to manufacturing, in both private to public sectors. Thus, data scientists and analysts can be found in every sector.

Primary responsibilities

The responsibilities of data scientists and analysts vary depending on their roles and functionalities in an organization. Data scientists and engineers are responsible to design and implement the process of transforming raw data from databases to insightful knowledge for C-level management. Data scientists need to ensure the validity of the results. Business analysts designs reports and redesign the business processes to achieve the goals set by the management. Solution architect is responsible to transform the clients’ objectives to feasible software development milestones and tasks that can be implemented by software engineers and machine learning engineers.

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